Shared Care Planning (SCP) Implementation Guide
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Overview

Introduction

Shared Care Planning (SCP) provides the structures and transactions for care planning, collaboration between practitioners by cross-organizational ordering processes and localization and authorization of members involved in the careteam of a patient. Improved collaboration between different types of care providers (e.g. GP, homecare or hospitals) should improve efficiency in hybrid or network-care settings. It should lower the administrative burden for practitioners without having to switch to auxiliary collaboration-systems.

SCP builds upon the IHE 'Dynamic Care Planning' profile (IHE-DCP). It is extended by generic, FHIR workflow patterns for cross-organizational requests or orders. An authorization model will also be provided so that members in a distributed careteam will, e.g., be able to read patient-data from other organizations and/or will be able to plan new activities.

Concepts

This IG uses several concepts from the FHIR R4 specifications.

FHIR Restful interactions

In the transactions sections, this IG will use the basic concepts on RESTful interaction with a FHIR API; e.g. read, search, update, create and delete interactions

To avoid losing data during update, actors MUST support the directives in transactional integrity and concurrency

FHIR Workflow

This IG will use and specify a workflow pattern. For general FHIR workflow concepts, see: https://hl7.org/fhir/R4/workflow.html The base pattern that will be used is the https://hl7.org/fhir/R4/workflow-management.html#optionh

FHIR Resource types

The IG is referring to many FHIR resource types. Key resource types for SCP:

CarePlan

The FHIR CarePlan resource is a framework for documenting and managing healthcare interventions and goals. It ensures that all relevant information is available to all stakeholders, promoting coordinated and effective care delivery. Key elements of a CarePlan for SCP:

  • subject: The patient to whom the care plan is intended.
  • addresses: Conditions/problems/concerns/diagnoses that this plan is addressing.
  • activity: Details of the planned interventions, including scheduled activities, performed activities, and their outcomes.
  • careTeam: All the individuals and organizations who are expected to be involved in the care plan’s execution.
  • author: The person or organization that authored the care plan.
  • supportingInfo: Additional (relevant) information to support the care plan, such as diagnostic reports, procedures, family member history, observations, etc.
  • goal: The intended outcomes or objectives of the care plan.

​For SCP, CarePlan will be validated using this profile. For more information, check the FHIR R4 CarePlan documentation

CareTeam

The CareTeam resource includes all people and organizations who are participating or have participated in the care process for a patient. Key elements of a CareTeam for SCP:

  • participant: The members of the care team and their roles. This includes:
    • member: The actual person (patient, related person) or organization participating.
    • onBehalfOf: The organization the participant is representing.
    • ​period: The time period during which the participant is involved with the care team. This could be ongoing (active member) or ended (inactive member) For SCP, CareTeam will be validated using this profile. For more information, check the FHIR R4 CareTeam documentation

Task

The Task resource describes an activity that can be performed, is being performed, or has been performed. It is used to manage and track the status of tasks, participants and definition of the Task. A Task in SCP is always related ('basedOn') the CarePlan. When a party is request to 'do' a Task, that organizations that may not be part of the CareTeam yet. Personally Identifiable Information SHOULD be left out of the Task content until the Task is accepted by the organization responsible for the Task. Key elements of a Task for SCP:

  • basedOn: References to other requests that the task is based on. MUST contain one reference to a SCP-CarePlan.
  • focus: A reference to the request-resource that the task is focused on. (e.g. a ServiceRequest, MedicationRequest or DeviceRequest)
  • code: The type of task to be performed (e.g. approval, fullfilment, suspend or resume)
  • status: The current status of the task (requested, received, accepted, in-progress, on-hold, completed, cancelled, entered-in-error, rejected).
  • requester: The individual or organization who initiated the task.
  • owner: The individual or organization responsible for the task.
  • for: The patient for whom the task is being performed.
  • input: The input data required for the task.
  • output: The output data produced by the task. https://hl7.org/fhir/R4/task.html see the state machine: https://hl7.org/fhir/R4/workflow-communications.html#12.6.2

Entities: Patient, RelatedPerson, Practitioner, PractitionerRole, Organization

SCP uses some base FHIR resource types for entities. These entities are referenced in the CarePlan, CareTeam or Task.

For the planning or coordination of care, healthcare professionals should be able to get into contact with each other. The CareTeam-members could, for instance, plan a Multi Disciplinary Team-meeting to discuss the condition of the patient. How to organize these meetings is out of scope for SCP. The identifiers for Patient, RelatedPerson, Practitioner and Organization are used for authentication and authorization. The key element for these entity-resources are:

  • identifier: e.g. Social Security Number for individuals, Care Professional number for PractitionerRoles, Chamber of Commerce number for organizations.
  • name: name of the Patient, RelatedPerson, Practitioner or Organization
  • telecom: contact details of the Patient, RelatedPerson, Practitioner or Organization For more information, check the FHIR R4 Patient, RelatedPerson, PractitionerRole or Organization documentation

Provenance

The Provenance resource captures details about the creation, modification, and transmission of a resource. It includes information about the entities and agents involved, as well as the time and place of the event. Provenance is essential for understanding the history and trustworthiness of data within healthcare systems. Members of the CareTeam in a CarePlan are authorized to access and manipulate data. Therefore the transactions that lead to adding or changing CareTeam-members is recorded in Provenance instances. Key elements of a Provenance for SCP:

  • target: The resources that are the subject of the provenance information (e.g., a specific Task).
  • occurredDateTime: The time period or specific date and time when the event occurred
  • activity: The type of activity that took place (e.g., creation, modification).
  • agent: Details about the individual(s) or organization(s) involved in the event, including:
    • onBehalfOf: The organization the agent was acting on behalf of.
  • signature: Digital signatures that authenticate the provenance event. For more information, check the FHIR R4 Provenance documentation and see this example of a Task with an embedded Provenance instance.

Actors

There are two actors in this Implementation Guide: The Care Plan Contributor and Care Plan Service. Every care-provider has to implement the Care Plan Contributor role, but in a (cross-organizational) CareTeam, just one care-provider needs to implement the Care Plan Service role.

Care Plan Contributor

The first actor is the Care Plan Contributor (CP-Contributor). This actor interacts with both other Care Plan Contributor(s) and a Care Plan Service. This actor creates and updates the care plan and tasks/orders for other (future) Care Plan Contributors. CP-Contributor initiates most transactions on behalf of a real practitioner, patient or related person, but Task-state-changes can be made without an active user. The CP-Contributor may also retrieve data from the other Care Plan Contributor(s); CP-Contributor will query the Care Plan service for the CarePlan and CareTeam-data to find at which organizations (or endpoints) other data could be reside. The CP-Contributor must also respond to an incoming Task-requests or Task-updates and to authorize other CP-Users to query local data.

Expressed in a FHIR Capability Statement, there are operations that CP-Contributor will do as an client-application (initiating transactions) and as a server-application (responding to transactions):

TODO: FHIR capabilitystatement (example)(mode=client):

  • POST/PUT CarePlan & Task
  • GET various FHIR resource types

TODO: FHIR capabilitystatement (example) (mode=server):

  • POST Notification (for a new/updated Task, CarePlan or CareTeam)
  • GET various FHIR resource types (including authorization of CP-User)

Care Plan Service

The second actor is the Care Plan Service. This actor manages (hosts) patient specific Care Plans, Tasks and Care Teams. The Care Plan Service is also responsible for updating several elements in Care Plans and Care Teams that authorize new persons or practitioners in the Care Team.

TODO: FHIR capabilitystatement (mode=client):

  • POST Notifications (for a new/updated Task, CarePlan or CareTeam)
  • POST AuditEvent (at local endpoint)
  • PUT CarePlan, CareTeam (at local endpoint)

TODO: FHIR capabilitystatement (mode=server):

  • POST, PUT, GET Task, CarePlan, CareTeam and AuditEvent (including authorization of CP-User)

TODO/Roadmap:

  • transfer CarePlan-responsibility to other Practitioner or Organization. Maybe use a Task for the current CarePlan-author to accept
  • support for CarePlan-merges. Maybe use a Task for the to-be-merged-CarePlan-author to accept. Add all Tasks (all versions and provenance?) to the new CP-service.

Security considerations

Identification and authentication

Data push or data pull of Personally Identifiable Information (PII) should always be initiated by a Practitioner; should be auditable who has done stuff.

Refer to Trust-over-IP or ARF or something

Authorization

Authorization; based on conditions, task-type, careteam-member-status (active/inactive) and/or role Member(-status) in the CareTeam are only updated by the CPS after 'agreement' on a Task in the CarePlan.

Transactions

An essential part of SCP is the workflow where one care provider requests another care provider to do something for a patient/CarePlan. If the latter one accepts the request (Task), the Task filler (a.k.a. Task.owner) can be added to the participants of the CareTeam. If a Task is rejected or cancelled, the Task.owner could be removed from the CareTeam. Once a Task is completed, the Task.owner remains a member of the CareTeam, but 'inactive' (CareTeam.participant.period gets an enddate). The CareTeam instance is used to find other participants in the CareTeam and health data for the patient/CarePlan. The CareTeam instance is also used to authorize incoming requests for health data for a patient/CarePlan.

Next, we'll go into these three transactions in SCP:

  1. Creating and responding to a Task
  2. Updating CarePlan and CareTeam
  3. Getting data from CareTeam members

Creating and responding to a Task

The CarePlan author or an 'active' CareTeam participant can create a new request and send the request to another Care provider. This Care provider may not be a current participant of the CareTeam. The Task status and state transitions are important part in the lifecycle of these requests. The Task state machine for SCP is a subset of the base FHIR Task state machine. SCP does not use status 'draft' and state 'ready' is used for (sub-)Tasks that do not lead to changes the participants in the CareTeam:

The requestor and owner are restricted to make certain state transitions. For some Task states, the Task.owner will become a member of the CareTeam (see transaction Updating CarePlan and CareTeam). This table shows who must be authorized to make a state transition:

State from State to Allow state transition for
- requested Task.requestor who is also CareTeam-participant
requested received Task.owner
requested accepted Task.owner
requested rejected Task.owner
requested cancelled Task.requestor, Task.owner
received accepted Task.owner
received rejected Task.owner
received cancelled Task.requestor, Task.owner
accepted in-progress Task.owner
accepted cancelled Task.requestor, Task.owner
in-progress completed Task.owner
in-progress failed Task.owner
in-progress on-hold Task.requestor, Task.owner
on-hold in-progress Task.requestor, Task.owner
- ready Task.requestor
ready completed Task.owner
ready failed Task.owner

In the first sequence diagram, Care Provider 1 has implemented the (optional) CP-Service role and is requesting Care Provider 2 to do a Task. As a Task MUST always be based on a CarePlan, so if there is none, a CarePlan should be created.

Optional: As Care Provider 2 is evaluating the Task, it may create a new Task (a sub-Task that is based on the main Task) containing a Questionnaire for Care Provider 1. As soon as Care Provider 1 provides the response, Care Provider 2 re-evaluates the main Task. This cycle can be repeated. The reason for cycles of (short, incremental) Questionnaires (or conditional segments in a Questionnaire?) is that if Care Provider 2 evaluates the first response (e.g. inclusion criteria for the Task) it might reject the main Task without Practitioner 1 having to answer additional questions. The table above specifies who is able to do certain state transitions.

Care Provider 1Care Provider 2PractitionerCare Plan ContributorCare Plan ServiceCare Plan ContributorOrder mgntPractitionerPractitionerCare Plan ContributorCare Plan ServiceCare Plan ContributorOrder mgntPractitioner1Start Requestreferral2Find/select CarePlanActions inpurpleare optional3Create Taskstatus requested,referring CarePlanand (Service-)Request4Notify Task created5Notify Task created6evaluate Task (required data, capacity, etc)7Need more information8Create (sub-)Task2: status 'ready', Questionnaire required data in Task2.input9Notify Task2 created10Present Questionnaire(prefill data from EHR)11Complete QuestionnaireResponse12Update Task2: status 'completed', Add QuestionnaireResponse to Task2.output13Notify Task2 update14Notify Task2 update15evaluate Task (required data, capacity, etc)16need patient contact details17Create (sub-)Task3: status 'ready', Questionnaire patient contact details in Task3.input18Notify Task3 created19Present Questionnaire(prefill data from EHR)20Complete QuestionnaireResponse21Update Task3: status 'completed', Add QuestionnaireResponse to Task3.output22Notify Task3 update23Notify Task3 update24evaluate Task:status 'accepted'25Update Task:status 'accepted'26Notify Task update27Notify Task update28Done!Your order has been accepted29present Taskwaiting for Task to start30starting with Task31Task in-progress32Update Task: status in-progress33Notify Task updatewaiting for Task to finish34Task done35Task is done36Update Task: status complete37Notify Task update

This transaction is based on FHIR workflow pattern H which uses a 'workflow broker' that stores and manages Task resources. In SCP, the 'workflow broker' is implemented by the Care Plan Service. The Care Plan Service store and manages Tasks, CarePlans and CareTeam resources.

In the second diagram, Care Provider 2 will send Care Provider 3 a request, still using Care Provider 1 as the 'workflow broker' (the CP-Service where the CarePlan, CareTeam and Tasks reside). In this example, Care provider 3 is not able to accept the Task automatically and needs an practitioner to evaluate it.

Care Provider 2Care Provider 1Care Provider 3PractitionerCare Plan ContributorCare Plan ServiceCare Plan ContributorOrder mgntPractitionerPractitionerCare Plan ContributorCare Plan ServiceCare Plan ContributorOrder mgntPractitioner1Start Requestreferral2Find/select CarePlan3Create Task:status requested,referring CarePlanand (Service-)Request4Notify Task created5Notify Task created6evaluate Task: (required data, capacity, etc)Actions inpurpleare optional7Need more information8Create (sub-)Task2: status 'ready', Questionnaire required data in Task2.input9Notify Task2 created10Present Questionnaire(prefill data from EHR)11Complete QuestionnaireResponse12Update Task2: status 'completed', Add QuestionnaireResponse to Task2.output13Notify Task2 update14Notify Task2 update15evaluate Task:status 'received'16Update Task:status 'received'17Notify Task update18Notify Task update19Your order has been received20present Taskwaiting for Practitioner to accept21Task accepted22Task accepted23Update Task: status accepted24Notify Task update25Need patient contact details26Get patient contact details27Get CareTeam for url Care Provider 228Get Patient details29Patient details30Patient details31present Patient detailswaiting for Practitioner to start32starting with Task33Task in-progress34Update Task: status in-progress35Notify Task updatewaiting for Practitioner to finish36I'm done37Task is done38Update Task: status complete39Notify Task update

For more information on this transaction, see Transactions - Creating and responding to a Task

Updating CarePlan and CareTeam

The CarePlan Service is responsible for updating the CareTeam and, for convenience, the CarePlan.activities. This transaction is triggered by a Task creation or update at the CP-Service.

​The CP-Service evaluates the Task update (is state transition allowed?). The Task state determines if the Task.owner should or shouldn't be a participant in the CareTeam (see the table below). Once a Task is completed or failed, the Task.owner remains a participant, but the (active) period is ended, unless there are other active Tasks for the participant. Active CareTeam.participants are authorized to access patient data at other CareTeam.participants. Inactive (period has ended) CareTeam.participants can access the Tasks, CarePlan and CareTeam. Other Care providers can only access their Tasks (for more info see security-authorization).

The CarePlan.author and CarePlan.subject are always active participants in the CareTeam.

State to Task.owner is
CareTeam.participant		 CareTeam.participant.period
requested No -
received No -
accepted Yes period.start=date accepted
rejected No -
cancelled No -
in-progress Yes period.start=date accepted
on-hold Yes period.start=date accepted
completed* Yes period.start=date accepted
period.end=date completed
failed* Yes period.start=date accepted
period.end=date failed
ready No -

*: If the Task was never in state 'accepted' (thus state 'ready' was used), the Task.owner is not a CareTeam.participant and CareTeam.participant.period will be empty.

Loop through all Tasks for CarePlan &evaluate CareTeam membership(-period)of Task.ownerUpdate CarePlan.activitiesUpdate CareTeamNotify CareTeam members(current and removed members)

Getting data from CareTeam members

The first two transactions allow practitioners to collaborate across organizational borders. Having the CarePlan and CareTeam in place, also allows for CareTeam members to get additional information for the patient/CarePlan. In this transaction, Care Provider 2 is using the CareTeam from the CP-Service to locate other CareTeam members and ask each CareTeam-member for health data for this patient. The 'responding' CareTeam-member (data holders) use the CareTeam, CarePlan and Tasks to authorize incoming requests.

Care Provider 2Care Provider 1Care Provider 3PractitionerCare Plan ContributorCare Plan ServiceCare Plan ContributorCare Plan Contributor1show me(condition-related)data of patientActions inpurpleare optional2lookup urlof CarePlanin (local) Task3requestCarePlan,CareTeam, Tasks4returnCarePlan,CareTeam, Tasks5request health data of patient6requestCarePlan,CareTeam, Tasks7returnCarePlan,CareTeam, Tasks8checkauthorization9health data of patient10request health data of patient11requestCarePlan,CareTeam, Tasks12returnCarePlan,CareTeam, Tasks13checkauthorization14health data of patient15present Patient data

Note that the CP-Service will notify all CP-Contributors on changed CarePlans and CareTeams. It might not be necessary to retrieve these from the CP-Service if the CarePlan and CareTeam are stored locally at the CP-Contributor.

Deployment considerations

TODO Use Orca and you'll be fine.

The above specification is an extension of the IHE Dynamic Care Planning profile (DCP). This specification extends the IHE profile with workflows (between organizations), CareTeam-member/data localization and CareTeam-member authorization for this data. Naturally, there are other standards within healthcare that overlap with this specification. In drafting this specification, efforts have been made to reuse existing standards as much as possible. We'll briefly describe the differences between SCP and other standards. The 'use case' section of this IG contains some examples of how to implement these other standards using SCP (e.g. Nursing handoff (eOverdracht)).

IHE: DCP

TODOThis specification has copied many of the concepts used in IHE DCP. However…. describe difference

IHE: mCSD

TODO

US: Bi-directional ServiceRequest (BSER)

TODO

NL: eOverdracht

TODO beschrijving overeenkomsten en verschillen met eOverdracht standaard

NL: Koppeltaal 2.0

TODO beschrijving overeenkomsten en verschillen met Koppeltaal 2.0 standaard

NL: Technical Agreement Notified Pull

TODO beschrijving overeenkomsten en verschillen met TA NP standaard